Data cataloging is the process of establishing a comprehensive inventory of digital assets. This is done to create a searchable list of data and other related assets, making it easier for business analysts and engineers to locate, retrieve, and analyze data.

A data catalog typically comes in the form of a database and includes data management and search tools. It helps break down silos and enable better access to data throughout an organization.

Modern data catalogs also contain metadata. Metadata is a type of information that describes the structure, format, and relationships of digital objects. There are several types of metadata, including administrative, technical, and structural. Depending on the specific industry, these can include business and technical aspects of an object.

For example, operational metadata can describe when a table is refreshed or created. In addition, the metadata can be a record of when a particular table is accessed. The metadata can be stored in a separate file or within the data itself.
Metadata can be stored in a human-readable format, allowing for easy understanding for data consumers. However, it is important to check the quality of the metadata and make sure that it is complete and accurate.

The National Information Standards Organization has suggested dividing metadata into three groups. These groups represent essential elements, essential elements that must be included in every standard, and subject-specific metadata standards. Depending on the standards used, the uniformity of the metadata can vary greatly.

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